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Ulike former for MS (multippel sklerose)

Det finnes ulike former for multippel sklerose (MS). Hovedsakelig skiller man mellom to grupper: Attakkvis MS og kronisk progressiv sykdom.

Nervecelle
Hos omtrent 80 prosent av MS-pasientene starter sykdommen med et attakkvist forløp.

Sist oppdatert:

7. nov. 2018

Multippel sklerose er en sykdom som angriper nerveceller i hjernen og ryggmargen (sentralnervesystemet). Nervecellene i sentralnervesystemet er omgitt av et fettstoff som kalles myelin. Myelin beskytter nervetrådene (som isolasjonen rundt elektriske ledninger), og gjør at elektriske nervesignaler går raskt og i riktige baner. Multippel sklerose angriper myelinet, noe som forstyrrer nervesignalene og tilslutt ødelegger nervecellene. Dette kan forstyrre funksjonen i hjernen på ulike måter, med stor variasjon fra pasient til pasient. Men det er også noen fellestrekk og noen typiske sykdomsmønstre som etter hvert viser seg.

Annonse

Hvem får MS?

De fleste som får MS er mellom 20 og 40 år, og det er flere kvinner enn menn som får sykdommen. I Norge er det cirka 10.500 personer som har MS. Forekomsten varierer i ulike deler av verden. Mest MS finnes i områdene langt fra ekvator (tempererte områder). Nord-Europa og USA er blant de områdene med høyest forekomst. Enkelte folkeslag er mindre utsatt for å få MS enn andre. For eksempel er det svært lav forekomst blant samer, indianere, inuitter, sigøynere og personer fra Afrika og Asia. Man kjenner ikke fullt ut årsakene til disse forskjellene, men både klimabetingede og genetiske faktorer synes å ha betydning.

Ulike typer MS

Det finnes ulike varianter av MS, og man skiller hovedsakelig mellom to grupper: Attakkvis MS (relapsing-remitting) og kronisk progressiv sykdom.

Attakkvis MS (RRMS)

Hos cirka 80 prosent av MS-pasientene starter sykdommen med et attakkvist forløp, der kraftige attakker med mye symptomer i noen få dager etterfølges av perioder på 4-8 uker, eller lengre, med få eller ingen symptomer. Dette kalles i engelskspråklig litteratur "relapsing-remitting" forløp. De fleste med denne typen MS vil for hvert attakk bli gradvis mer preget av sykdommen, også mellom attakkene. Etter noen år vil de fleste gå over i en sekundær progressiv form.

Primær progressiv MS (PPMS)

15-20 prosent av MS-pasientene, særlig de som er eldst ved sykdomsdebut, har ikke det karakteristiske attakkvise forløpet. Disse utvikler langsomt og gradvis økende plager, uten å ha symptomfrie perioder. Dette kalles et progressivt sykdomsforløp. Diagnosen PPMS stilles først når det er minst ett års sykehistorie med gradvis økende symptomer fra hjerne eller ryggmarg, og MR-undersøkelse viser de typiske forandringene.

Sekundær progressiv (SPMS)

Etter noen år med attakkvis MS vil anfallene hos de fleste opphøre og sykdommen går over i en mer gradvis og jevn forverring. Dette kalles sekundær progressiv MS. I likhet med primær progressiv MS vil den sekundære formen være preget av gradvis forverring uten symptomfrie perioder.

Omtrent en av fem pasienter med attakkvis MS utvikler ikke sekundær progressiv sykdom, og får et mildt sykdomsforløp med lite plager.

Første kliniske attakk (clinically isolated syndrome - CIS)

Etter et første anfall som gir mistanke om MS, kan pasienten etter noen dager bli helt frisk og uten noen påviselige tegn til sykdom ved legeundersøkelse. I slike situasjoner kan diagnosen bare stilles dersom det foreligger typiske MR-forandringer i hjernen. Dersom slike forandringer ikke lar seg påvise, vil MS-diagnosen ikke bli stilt før det eventuelt kommer nye attakker. En slik sykdomsepisode uten at noen sikker MS-diagnose kan stilles, kalles clinically isolated syndrome, fortkortet CIS. 

Annonse

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Multippel sklerose . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

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