Multippel sklerose (MS), en oversikt
MS er en sykdom som medfører ødeleggelse av isolasjonslaget (myelinet) rundt nervetråder i hjernen og ryggmargen.

Sist oppdatert:
18. mai 2020
Innhold i artikkelen
Hva er multippel sklerose?

MS er en sykdom som medfører ødeleggelse av isolasjonslaget (myelinet) rundt nervetråder i hjernen og ryggmargen. Symptomene skyldes feilfunksjoner i de delene av hjernen eller ryggmargen som rammes. Symptomene varierer fra pasient til pasient avhengig av graden av myelinødeleggelse og hvor i hjernen eller ryggmargen skadene er mest uttalt. Vanlige startsymptomer er:
- Synsforstyrrelser - tåkesyn, flimmer i synsbildet og dobbeltsyn
- Kraftsvekkelse i en arm eller et ben, eventuelt redusert tempo eller utholdenhet
- Manglende kontroll av muskler kan medføre unøyaktige bevegelser (klossethet)
- Noen opplever svekket gangfunksjon og balanseproblemer
- Nedsatt arbeidsevne og tretthet
- Forstyrrelser i vannlatings- og seksualfunksjoner
- Unormale reaksjoner på kulde og varme, samt endret hudfølelse
- Symptomene opptrer ofte i anfall, såkalte attakker
- Det er ikke uvanlig at de første symptomene er forbigående, og kommer tilbake etter en symptomfri periode
- Typisk utvikles symptomene i løpet av noen dager eller uker, noen ganger mer langsom utvikling
Animasjon av multippel sklerose
Forekomst
Forekomsten av multippel sklerose varierer med geografi og etnisitet, og den er høyest i den hvite befolkningen i tempererte regioner av verden. I Norge varierer antall MS-tilfeller fra landsdel til landsdel. Nord-Norge har lavest forekomst. En norsk studie fra 2014 viser forekomst på 203 per 100.000 innbyggere. Samlet betyr det at det i Norge er omtrent 10.500 pasienter med MS. Sykdommen bryter hyppigst ut i alderen mellom 20 og 45 år, og forekommer omtrent dobbelt så hyppig hos kvinner som hos menn.
Årsak
Årsaken til MS er ikke kjent. Forskning tyder på at det er en kombinasjon av arvelig anlegg for sykdommen og påvirkning av ytre faktorer som fører til at sykdommen bryter ut. Den arvelige faktoren er ikke dominerende, men det er funnet at cirka 15 prosent av MS-pasienter har en slektning med samme sykdom. Miljøfaktorer som man mistenker kan øke risiko for sykdomsutvikling er for lavt nivå av vitamin D, virusinfeksjon (spes. Epstein-Barr virus) og sigarettrøyking.
Diagnostikk
Sykehistorien med de typiske symptomer hos forholdsvis unge mennesker vil ofte gi mistanke om sykdommen. I tidlig fase kan det være vanskelig å påvise tegn til sykdom ved vanlig legeundersøkelse, men etter en tids sykdom blir funnene som regel tydelige. Diagnosen kan stilles på grunnlag av sykehistorie og funn ved legeundersøkelse alene. I praksis blir det alltid også utført MR-undersøkelse av hjernen. MR-forandringene ved MS er typiske. MR er også nyttig for å utelukke andre årsaker til symptomene. En undersøkelse av ryggmargsvæsken kan også vise forandringer som bekrefter diagnosen.
Behandling
Behandling og oppfølging av MS-pasienter må tilpasses den enkelte. Det finnes ingen behandling som kan kurere sykdommen, men sykdommen kan stanse opp - enten som følge av behandling, eller at sykdommen går over av av seg selv. Forrverring av sykdommen skjer som regel i form av akutte anfall (attakker). En viktig del av behandlingen er å drive intensiv behandling under akutte anfall. I bedre perioder, mellom attakker, brukes medisiner for å forebygge nye attakker og for å bremse utviklingen av sykdommen. Beinmargstransplantasjon er aktuelt ved hissig, attakkvis sykdom med hyppige attakker. Haukeland Sykehus har landsfunksjon for denne behandlingsformen.
I tillegg satses det også mye på å lindre plagsomme symptomer, og på opptrening (rehabilitering). De aller fleste har god nytte av behandling og trening i samarbeid med fysioterapeuter. Se eget dokument om behandling.
Prognose
Forløpet av sykdommen kan variere betydelig. Hos omtrent 80-85 prosent forløper sykdommen med gjentatte attakk, og stabile perioder imellom. Det er funnet at MS-pasienter i gjennomsnitt har 0,8 anfall per år. Som regel fører hvert enkelt attakk til en liten forverring av tilstanden, med gradvis økende funksjonshemming. Men denne utviklingen er varierende, og cirka en av fem får et fredelig forløp med liten eller ingen funksjonshemming.
Hos noen pasienter (cirka 15 prosent) forløpet sykdommen uten de typiske attakkene, men med en gradvis forverring av tilstanden.
En norsk studie fra 2001 viste at etter 15 års sykdom var 54 prosent uføretrygdet, omtrent 40 prosent var avhengig av tekniske hjelpemidler og cirka 25 prosent var avhengig av rullestol. Prognosen er generelt best i den gruppen som har anfallsvise plager. Med den effektive behandlingen som nå finnes kan man forvente at prognosen stadig vil bli bedre.
Utfyllende opplysninger og hjelp til å takle sykdommen kan du få ved pasientforeninger for MS-rammede.
Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Multippel sklerose . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor
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