Hopp til innhold
NHI.no
Annonse

COVID-19, coronavirus: Symptomer og tegn

Innhold i artikkelen

De vanligste symptomene på covid-19 er hoste (vanligvis tørrhoste), feber, tung pust og nyoppståtte lukt- eller smaksforstyrrelser. Tiden fra smittetidspunkt inntil symptomer oppstår (inkubasjonstid) er vanligvis fire til fem dager og innen ti dager hos de aller fleste. Det er stor variasjon i forhold til symptomer og forløp.

Annonse

Noen får ikke symptomer i det hele tatt, mens andre får symptomer på vondt i halsen, forkjølelse, lett hoste, feber, hodepine, muskelsmerte, magesmerte, eventuelt diaré. Noen får alvorlige symptomer som tung pust i hvile, brystsmerter, forvirring, åndenød og sjokk. 

Hos personer med kjent allergisk luftveissykdom, som for eksempel pollenallergi, vil avvik fra personens vanlige symptomer vektlegges i vurderingen opp mot covid-19. Det samme gjelder kroniske luftveissykdommer som kols eller astma. Ved tvil bør man ha en lav terskel for å teste seg mot covid-19.

Se FHI sine sider  for mer detaljer.   

Covid-19 versus influensa. 

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet COVID-19 . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ecdc). Situation updates on COVID-19. www.ecdc.europa.eu
  2. Folkehelseinstituttet. Statistikk om koronavirus og covid-19. Sist oppdatert 04.03.2021 www.fhi.no
  3. Oran DP, Topol EJ. Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Sep 1;173(5):362-367. doi: 10.7326/M20-3012. Epub 2020 Jun 3. PMID: 32491919 PubMed
  4. Borén HK, Kjøstolfsen GH, Aaløkken TM, et al. En mann i 90-årene med feber og tørrhoste. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2020. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0218 DOI
  5. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections-More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA. 2020 Feb 25;323(8):707-708. PMID: 31971553. PubMed
  6. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Mar;19(3):141-154. Epub 2020 Oct 6. PMID: 33024307; PMCID: PMC7537588.
  7. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. NEJM 2020; Epub: Jan 24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 DOI
  8. Mallapaty S, Maxmen A, Callaway E. ‘Major stones unturned’: COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists. Nature news. Publisert 10. feb. 2021. www.nature.com
  9. Li R, Pei S, Chen B, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science 2020. doi:10.1126/science.abb3221 DOI
  10. Folkehelseinstituttet. Fakta om koronaviruset SARS-CoV-2 og sykdommen covid-19. Sist oppdatert 11.02.2021. www.fhi.no
  11. Lewis D. COVID-19 rarely spreads through surfaces. So why are we still deep cleaning? Nature. News feature. Publisert 29. jan. 2021. www.nature.com
  12. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris D, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1. medRxiv, the preprint server for health sciences. Doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033217 www.medrxiv.org
  13. Folkehelseinstituttet. Molekylær diagnostikk av SARS-Cov-2. Sist oppdatert 29.03.2021. www.fhi.no
  14. Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study. Lancet. 2020;396(10250):535-544. PMID: 32645347 PubMed
  15. Gandhi RT, Lynch JB, del Rio C. Mild or Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp2009249 DOI
  16. Sakurai A, Sasaki T, Kato S, et al. Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection (correspondance). NEJM, June 12, 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2013020. www.nejm.org
  17. He Z, Ren L, Yang J, et al. Seroprevalence and humoral immune durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Wuhan, China: a longitudinal, population-level, cross-sectional study. The Lancet, published March 20, 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00238-5
  18. Boban M. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) update on epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical course and treatments. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Apr;75(4):e13868. Epub 2020 Dec 6. PMID: 33244856 PubMed
  19. Becker RC. COVID-19-associated vasculitis and vasculopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020 Oct;50(3):499-511. PMID: 32700024 PubMed
  20. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020. pmid:32235945 PubMed
  21. Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang XS. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020 Apr 28;9(1):45. PMID: 32345362 PubMed
  22. Lee HW, Yoon CH, Jang EJ, Lee CH. Renin-angiotensin system blocker and outcomes of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2021 Jan 27:thoraxjnl-2020-215322. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215322. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33504565 PubMed
  23. Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 2020. pmid:32104915 PubMed
  24. Shen Z, Xiao Y, Kang L, et al . Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Coronavirus Disease 2019 patients. Clin Infect Dis 2020; Epub Mar 4: pii: ciaa203. pmid:32129843 PubMed
  25. Andersen TK, Grødeland G. Vaksinene kan holde tritt med SARS-CoV-2-mutasjonene. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2021. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.21.0080 DOI
  26. Lewis D. Superspreading drives the COVID pandemic - and could help to tame it. Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7847):544-546. PMID: 33623168. PubMed
  27. Challen R, Brooks-Pollock E, Read JM, Dyson L, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Danon L. Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1: matched cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n579. Published 2021 Mar 9. PMID: 33687922 PubMed
  28. Tang JW, Toovey OTR, Harvey KN, Hui DDS. Introduction of the South African SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 into the UK. J Infect. 2021 Jan 17:S0163-4453(21)00030-X. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33472093 PubMed
  29. Toovey OTR, Harvey KN, Bird PW, Tang JWW. Introduction of Brazilian SARS-CoV-2 484K.V2 related variants into the UK. J Infect. 2021 Feb 3:S0163-4453(21)00047-5. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33548358 PubMed
  30. Gao YD, Ding M, Dong X, et al. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review. Allergy. 2021 Feb;76(2):428-455. Epub 2020 Dec 4. PMID: 33185910 PubMed
  31. Chen S, Zheng T, Wang S, Yu Y, Wang P, Song Y, Jiang J. Association between risk of VTE and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 6:S1201-9712(21)00494-X. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34107325 PubMed
  32. Goha A, Mezue K, Edwards P, et al. COVID-19 and the heart: An update for clinicians. Clin Cardiol. 2020 Nov;43(11):1216-1222. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PMID: 32533585 PubMed
  33. Tessitore E, Carballo D, Pncet A, et al. Mortality and high risk of major adverse events in patients with COVID-19 and history of cardiovascular disease. Open Heart 2021; 8: e001526. pmid:33833064 PubMed
  34. Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, et al. Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med 2020. pmid:32558485 PubMed
  35. Anderson JL, May HT, Knight S, et al. Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4: e217429. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7429 DOI
  36. Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, Eleftherios M. Auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 2020. pmid:32972996 PubMed
  37. Direktoratet for e-helse. Kodeverk. ICPC-2. Den internasjonale klassifikasjonen for primærhelsetjenesten. Kodeveiledning. Siden besøkt 04.05.2020. ehelse.no
  38. Helsedirektoratet. Nasjonal veileder. Koronavirus - beslutninger og anbefalinger. Kapittel 9.1 Allmennlegetjenesten. Siden besøkt 30.03.2021. www.helsedirektoratet.no
  39. Direktoratet for e-helse. Kodeverk. ICD-10. U07.1 og U07.2 finnkode.ehelse.no
  40. Folkehelseinstituttet. Definisjon av mistenkt, sannsynlig og bekreftet tilfelle av covid-19, samt definisjon av nærkontakter. Sist oppdatert 22.12.2020. www.fhi.no
  41. Beeching NJ, Fletcher TE, Fowler R. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). BMJ Best Practice. Last updated 26 Mar 2021. bestpractice.bmj.com
  42. Hjelmesæth J, Skaare D. Covid-19 med nedsatt lukte- og smakssans som eneste symptom. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2020. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0287 DOI
  43. Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The Prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;163(1):3-11. Pmid: 32369429 PubMed
  44. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(8):2251-2261. Pmid: 32253535 PubMed
  45. Gavriatopoulou M, Korompoki E, Fotiou D, et al. Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Clin Exp Med. 2020;20(4):493-506. Pmid: 32720223 PubMed
  46. Tveita A, Hestenes S, Sporastøyl ER, et al. Lungeembolisme ved covid-19. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2020. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0366 DOI
  47. Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, et al. Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. N Engl J Med 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009787 DOI
  48. Sellevoll HB, Saeed U, Young VS, et al. Covid-19 med akutte magesmerter som debutsymptom. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2020. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0262 DOI
  49. Smith V, Seo D, Warty R, Payne O, Salih M, Chin KL, Ofori-Asenso R, Krishnan S, da Silva Costa F, Vollenhoven B, Wallace E. Maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020 Jun 4;15(6):e0234187. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234187. PMID: 32497090 PubMed
  50. Pediatriveiledere. Fra Norsk barnelegeforening. Generell veileder. 3.28 COVID-19: SARS-Coronavirus-2 infeksjon hos barn. Revidert 2020-2021. Siden besøkt 29.03.2021. www.helsebiblioteket.no
  51. Folkehelseinstituttet. Hva skal du gjøre hvis du er syk eller mistenker at du er smittet av koronavirus? Sist oppdatert 14.02.2021. www.fhi.no
  52. Folkehelseinstituttet. Testkriterier for koronavirus (coronavirus). Oppdatert 19.03.2021. Siden besøkt 30.03.2021. www.fhi.no
  53. Myrstad M, Ihle-Hansen H, Tveita AA, et al. National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) on admission predicts severe disease and in-hospital mortality from Covid-19 - a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2020;28(1):66. Published 2020 Jul 13. Pmid: 32660623 PubMed
  54. Kucirka LM, Lauer SA, Laeyendecker O, et al.:Variation in False-Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since Exposure. Ann Intern Med 2020;May 13:Epub ahead of print. www.acc.org
  55. Mustafa Hellou M, Górska A, Mazzaferri F, et al. Nucleic acid amplification tests on respiratory samples for the diagnosis of coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis published online ahead of print, 2020 Nov 11. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;S1198-743X(20)30695-9. Pmid: 33188933 PubMed
  56. FHI. Koronavirus - fakta, råd og tiltak. Serologi og antistoff hurtigtester. Sist oppdatert 13.11.2020. www.fhi.no
  57. Böger B, Fachi MM, Vilhena RO, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for COVID-19. Am J Infect Control. 2020 Jul 10. pii: S0196-6553(20)30693-3. Pmid: 32659413 PubMed
  58. The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. What is the efficacy and safety of rapid exercise tests for exertional desaturation in covid-19? April 21, 2020. Siden besøkt 11.05.2020. www.cebm.net
  59. Folkhälsomyndigheten. Diagnostik av coronavirus 2019-nCoV, ett nytt virus som orsakat ett utbrott av allvarlig lunginflammation i Kina. Hämtad 2020-01-29
  60. Aaløkken TM, Parkar AP, Markussen TV. Bildediagnostikk av pasienter med covid-19. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2020. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0332 DOI
  61. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al.. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; Feb 28: Epub ahead of print. pmid:32109013 PubMed
  62. S Inui, A Fujikawa, M Jitsu. Chest CT Findings in Cases from the Cruise Ship “Diamond Princess” with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cardiothoracic Imaging. Vol. 2, No. 2. 2020 pubs.rsna.org
  63. Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu L, et al. Clinical Outcomes in 55 Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Who Were Asymptomatic at Hospital Admission in Shenzhen, China. J Infect Dis. 2020 May 11;221(11):1770-1774. PMID: 32179910 PubMed
  64. Sun Z, Zhang N, Li Y, et al. A systematic review of chest imaging findings in COVID-19. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2020 May;10(5):1058-1079. Pmid: 32489929. PubMed
  65. Socialstyrelsen. Rehabilitering i samband med covid-19 i primärvården. 2020-05-15 Dnr 4.3-14599/2020. www.socialstyrelsen.se
  66. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A'Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020;370:m3026. Published 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32784198 PubMed
  67. Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2980. Published 2020 Jul 30. doi:10.1136/bmj.m2980. Pmid: 32732190.
  68. Robb CT, Goepp M, Rossi AG, Yao C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, and COVID-19. Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;177(21):4899-4920. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PMID: 32700336 PubMed
  69. Ledford H. Nature. News. Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives. 16. June 2020. www.nature.com
  70. WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Sterne JAC, Murthy S, et al. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 2. JAMA. 2020;10.1001/jama.2020.17023. PMID: 32876694 PubMed
  71. Shuto H, Komiya K, Yamasue M, et al. A systematic review of corticosteroid treatment for noncritically ill patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20935. Published 2020 Dec 1. Pmid: 33262415. PubMed
  72. Lamontagne F, Agoritsas T, Macdonald H, et al. A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m3379. Published 2020 Sep 4. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3379. PMID: 32887691. PubMed
  73. Ramakrishnan S, Nicolau DV, Langford B, et al. Inhaled budesonide in the treatment of early COVID-19 (STOIC): a phase 2, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2021. PMID: 33844996 PubMed
  74. BMJ News. BMJ 2021;373:n957. (Published 12 April 2021) doi.org
  75. Rashid RA, Zgair A, Al-Ani RM. Effect of nasal corticosteroid in the treatment of anosmia due to COVID-19: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021 Apr 7;42(5):103033. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103033. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33839489 PubMed
  76. Piechotta V, Iannizzi C, Chai KL, et al.. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 20;5(5):CD013600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub4 DOI
  77. Norsk forening for infeksjonsmedisin. Antivirale og immunmodulerende midler ved COVID-19. Oversikt over aktuelle behandlingsmuligheter for pasienter innlagt ved norske sykehus, V9.0, 25.03.2021. www.legeforeningen.no
  78. Fan AY, Gu S, Alemi SF; Research Group for Evidence-based Chinese Medicine. Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19: Current evidence with systematic review and meta-analysis. J Integr Med. 2020 Sep;18(5):385-394. Epub 2020 Jul 31. PMID: 32792254 PubMed
  79. Alavi Darazam I, Shokouhi S, Pourhoseingholi MA, et al. Role of interferon therapy in severe COVID-19: the COVIFERON randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8059. Published 2021 Apr 13. Pmid: 33850184 PubMed
  80. Fiolet T, Guihur A, Rebeaud ME, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Aug 26:S1198-743X(20)30505-X. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32860962 PubMed
  81. Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2020 May 14;369:m1849. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1849. DOI
  82. Regjeringen.no. WHOs globale koronastudie starter i Norge Nyhet | Dato: 27.03.2020. www.regjeringen.no
  83. WHO. "Solidarity" clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments. www.who.int
  84. WHO Solidarity trial consortium. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 –interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. Publisert 15. Oct. 2020. www.medrxiv.org
  85. Lai CC, Chen CH, Wang CY, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Mar 24:dkab093. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33758946.
  86. Prasad M, Elavarasi A, Madan K, et al.. Efficacy and safety of antivirals for Covid-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Natl Med J India. 2020 Jul-Aug;33(4):222-231. PMID: 34045377 PubMed
  87. Alhumaid S, Mutair AA, Alawi ZA, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 28;5(4):180. PMID: 33260553 PubMed
  88. Malgie J, Schoones JW, Pijls BG. Decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with Tocilizumab: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 23. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa1445. Pmid: 32964913 PubMed
  89. Hermine O, Mariette X, Tharaux PL, et al. Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial published online ahead of print, 2020 Oct 20. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; Pmid: 33080017 PubMed
  90. Stone JH, Frigault MJ, Serling-Boyd NJ, et al. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 published online ahead of print, 2020 Oct 21. N Engl J Med. 2020; Pmid: 33085857 PubMed
  91. Rocco PRM, Silva PL, Cruz FF, et al. Early use of nitazoxanide in mild Covid-19 disease: randomised, placebo-controlled trial published online ahead of print, 2020 Dec 24. Eur Respir J. 2020;2003725. Pmid: 33361100 PubMed
  92. Liu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 May;39:101166. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101166. Epub 2020 Apr
  93. Walker A, Pottinger G, Scott A, Hopkins C. Anosmia and loss of smell in the era of covid-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m2808. Published 2020 Jul 21. Pmid: 32694187 PubMed
  94. Hopkins C, Alanin M, Philpott C, et al. Management of new onset loss of sense of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic - BRS Consensus Guidelines. Clin Otolaryngol. 2021 Jan;46(1):16-22. Epub 2020 Sep 24. PMID: 32854169 PubMed
  95. Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, et al. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 May 27:101751.Pmid: 32473312 PubMed
  96. Bartoszko JJ, Farooqi MAM, Alhazzani W, et al. Medical masks vs N95 respirators for preventing COVID-19 in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020 Apr 4. Pmid: 32246890 PubMed
  97. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020 Jun 1. pii: S0140-6736(20)31142-9. Pmid: 32497510. PubMed
  98. Grove A, Osokogu O, Al-Khudairy L, et al.. Association between vitamin D supplementation or serum vitamin D level and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 including clinical course, morbidity and mortality outcomes? A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2021 May 28;11(5):e043737. PMID: 34049903 PubMed
  99. Statens legemiddelverk. Status for kommende vaksiner. Siden besøkt 05.03.2021 legemiddelverket.no
  100. McIntosh K. COVID-19: Clinical features. UpToDate. Last updated Feb. 18, 2021. www.uptodate.com
  101. Cariou, B., Hadjadj, S., Wargny, M. et al. Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study. Diabetologia (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05180-x
  102. FHI. COVID-19-EPIDEMIEN: Risiko, prognose og respons i Norge etter uke 12. Folkehelseinstituttet, 24.03.2020. www.fhi.no
  103. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID‐19 in children show milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. Accepted Author Manuscript. 2020. doi:10.1111/apa.15270 DOI
  104. Yee J, Kim W, Han JM, et al. Clinical manifestations and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18126. Published 2020 Oct 22. PMID: 33093582 PubMed
  105. Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3320. Published 2020 Sep 1. PMID: 32873575 PubMed
  106. Ahlberg M, Neovius M, Saltvedt S, et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Test Status and Pregnancy Outcomes published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 23. JAMA. 2020;e2019124. Pmid: 32965467 PubMed
  107. Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, et al. A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020 Apr 24. Pmid: 32330287 PubMed
  108. Quibel T, Bultez T, Nizard J, Subtil D, Huchon C, Rozenberg P. Morts fœtales in utero In utero fetal death. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2014;43(10):883-907. Pmid: 25447381 PubMed
  109. Bwire GM, Njiro BJ, Mwakawanga DL, Sabas D, Sunguya BF. Possible vertical transmission and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among infants born to mothers with COVID-19: A living systematic review published online ahead of print, 2020 Oct 22. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.26622. Pmid: 33090535 PubMed
  110. Kotlyar A, Grechukhina O, Chen A, et al. Vertical Transmission of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 30. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;S0002-9378(20)30823-1. Pmid: 32739398 PubMed
  111. Gorzkowski V, Bevilacqua S, Charmillon A, et al. Evolution of Olfactory Disorders in COVID-19 Patients published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 2. Laryngoscope. 2020;10.1002/lary.28957. Pmid: 32617990 PubMed
  112. Gnecchi M, Moretti F, Bassi EM, et al. Myocarditis in a 16-year-old boy positive for SARS-CoV-2. Lancet 2020; 395: Epub June 27. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31307-6 DOI
  113. Läkartidningen. 2020;117:20094 lakartidningen.se
  114. Viner RM, Whittaker E. Kawasaki-like Disease: Emerging Complication During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lancet 2020. pmid:32410759 PubMed
  115. Juvet LK, Laake I, Vestrheim DF: Letalitet og infeksjonsletalitet for alvorlig Covid-19 – 1. oppdatering – en hurtigoversikt. Hurtigoversikt 2020. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, mai 2020. www.fhi.no
  116. Public Health England. Past COVID-19 infection provides some immunity but people may still carry and transmit virus. Press release, 14. Jan 2021. www.gov.uk
  117. Flodgren GM, Immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rapid review 2020. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2020. legehandboka.no
  118. Edridge A, Kaczorowska JM, Hoste A et al. Human coronavirus reinfection dynamics: lessons fo r SARS-CoV-2.medRxiv 2020.05.11.20086439; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.11.20086439
  119. Gudbjartsson DF, Norddahl GL, Melsted P, et al. Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 1. N Engl J Med. 2020;10.1056/NEJMoa2026116. PMID: 32871063. PubMed
  120. Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, et al. Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020 Dec;35(12):1123-1138. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PMID: 33289900 PubMed
  121. Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre. ICNARC report on COVID-19 in critical care. 04 April 2020 www.icnarc.org
  122. Janiaud P, Axfors C, Schmitt AM, et al. Association of Convalescent Plasma Treatment With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA 2021; 325: 1185-95. pmid:33635310 PubMed
Annonse
Annonse