Svangerskap utenfor livmoren: Diagnosen
Smerte, fravær av menstruasjon og sparsom blødning fra skjeden er typiske tegn. For at diagnosen skal være sikker, må det påvises svangerskap utenfor livmoren ved måling av graviditetshormonet i urin og blod (beta-hCG), ultralyd via skjeden eller kikhullsoperasjon.
Animasjon av graviditet utenfor livmoren
Annonse
Vil du vite mer
Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Ektopisk svangerskap . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor
Referanser
- Hoyer-Sørensen C, Svenningsen R, Mathew S, Andreasen S. Norsk gynekologisk forening. Veileder i gynekologi. Ektopisk graviditet. Sist revidert 2015. legeforeningen.no
- Farquhar CM. Ectopic pregnancy. Lancet 2005; 366: 583-91. PubMed
- Barash JH, Buchanan EM. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Jul 1;90(1):34-40. PubMed
- Jurkovic D, Wilkinson H. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. BMJ 2011; 342: d3397. PMID: 21665933 PubMed
- Creanga AA, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Bish CL et al. Trends in ectopic pregnancy mortality in the United States: 1980–2007. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(4):837–843. PMID: 21422853 PubMed
- Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 185-94. PMID: 12543617 PubMed
- Svenningsen R, Langebrekke A, Qvigstad E. Interstitielle graviditeter - diagnostikk og behandling. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2007; 127: 2242-4. PubMed
- Hajenius PJ, Mol F, Mol BWJ, Bossuyt PMM, Ankum WM, Van der Veen F. Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000324. pmid: 17253448 PubMed
- Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV. Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA 2013 Apr 24;309(16):1722-9. pmid: 23613077 PubMed
- Kirk E, Bourne T. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with ultrasound. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;23(4):501–508. pmid: 19356985 PubMed
- Stein JC, Wang R, Adler N, et al. Emergency physician ultrasonography for evaluating patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2010; 56: 674-83. PubMed
- Seeber BE, Barnhart KT. Suspected ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(4):955. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(2 pt 1):399–413. pmid: 16449130 PubMed
- Barnhart KT, Sammel MD, Rinaudo PF, Zhou L, Hummel AC and Guo W. Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: HCG curves redefined. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 50-5. PubMed
- Atri M, Valenti D, Bret P and Gillett P. Effect of transvaginal sonography on the use of invasive procedures for evaluating patients with a clinical diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound 2003; 31: 1-8. PubMed
- Hoover KV, Tao G, Kent CK. Trends in the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic prgnancy in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 487-8. PubMed
- Menon S, Colins J, Barnhart KT. Establishing a human chorionic gonadotropin cutoff to guide methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a systematic review. Fertil Steril 2007; 87: 481-4. PubMed
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 94: medical management of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(6):1479–1485. pmid: 18515537 PubMed
- Sagiv R, Debby A, Feit H, Cohen-Sacher B, Keidar R, Golan A. The optimal cutoff serum level of human chorionic gonadotropin for efficacy of methotrexate treatment in women with extrauterine pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;116(2):101–104. pmid: 22093497 PubMed
- Bakken IJ, Skjeldestad FE. Insidens og behandling av ekstrauterine svangerskap i Norge 1990-2001. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2003; 123: 3016-20. PubMed
- Bangsgaard N, Lund C, Ottesen B and Nilas L. Improved fertility following conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 110: 765-70. PubMed
- Secher LL, Klysner AH. Behandling af ekstrauterin graviditet i Danmark. Ugeskr Læger 2005; 167: 2048-50. PubMed
- Sau AK, Auld BJ, Mita S. Current status of management of ectopic pregnancy. Gynaecol Endosc 1999; 8: 73-9. PubMed
- Goyaux N, Leke R, Keita N, et al. Ectopic pregnancy in African developing countries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 305-12. PubMed
- Bernoux A, Job-Spira N, Germain E, Coste J and Bouyer J. Fertility outcome after ectopic pregnancy and use of an intrauterine device at the time of the index ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 1173-7. PubMed
- Mol B, Matthijsse H, Tinga D, et al. Fertility after conservative and radical surgery for tubal pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 1804-9. PubMed
- Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine . Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2013; 100(3): 638-44. pmid:23849842 PubMed