Schizofreni, årsaker: Risikofaktorer
Selv om årsaken til schizofreni er ukjent og omdiskutert, er det klart at en familiær belastning øker risikoen for å utvikle schizofreni. Tvilling- og adopsjonsstudier underbygger slike antakelser, men ett eller flere gener (arvestoff) som disponerer for utvikling av schizofreni, er ikke funnet. Hos eneggede tvillinger der den ene har schizofreni, vil 40-50 prosent utvikle schizofreni. Hos toeggede tvillinger er tilsvarende tall 10-15 prosent.
Det anslås at omtrent 80 prosent av risikoen for sykdommen har genetisk grunnlag. De nøyaktige genetiske mekanismene er i hovedsak ukjente.
Dersom far er eldre enn 50 år ved barnets fødsel, øker risikoen for schizofreni, særlig hos døtre.
Flere miljøfaktorer er identifisert som risikofaktorer, blant annet svangerskaps- og fødselskomplikasjoner, lav fødselsvekt og vinterfødsler. Personer som i voksen alder utvikler schizofreni, vil i større grad enn andre ha psykomotoriske og fornuftsmessige problemer i barnealder; for eksempel vil de i snitt begynne å snakke noe senere enn gjennomsnittet, stå uten støtte senere og ha en noe lavere intelligensutvikling. Stoffmisbruk, flytting og det å bli født i en storby, bidrar også til økt risiko. Barn av innvandrere har økt risiko.
I en studie fra Finland fant man at barn av schizofrene mødre som ble bortadoptert før fire års alder, utviklet schizofreni i ni prosent av tilfellene mot 0,5 prosent i kontrollgruppen som bestod av barn uten genetisk risiko. Man fant imidlertid også at om barnet av en schizofren mor ble adoptert til en velfungerende familie, så var risikoen lik 0 prosent. Dette tyder på at den genetiske predisposisjonen behøver en sosial faktor for å slå ut.
Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Schizofreni . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor
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