ADHD - årsaker
Årsakene til ADHD er ikke fullt ut kjent, men forskere har identifisert flere faktorer som kan spille en rolle ved tilstanden, deriblant lavere mengde dopamin i hjernen, arv og miljøpåvirkning.

Sist oppdatert:
3. jan. 2020
Endret hjernefunksjon
De områdene av hjernen som regulerer oppmerksomhet, planlegging og kontroll over muskelapparatet synes å være mindre aktivt blant barn med ADHD. I tillegg ser det ut til at både barn og voksne med ADHD har lavere mengder med dopamin i hjernen. Dopamin er et signalstoff i hjernen som har mange viktige funksjoner. Blant annet sender dopamin beskjeder til deler av hjernen som kontrollerer bevegelser, regulerer oppmerksomhet og påvirker motivasjon. Noen voksne med ADHD har svært lave verdier av det enzymet som lager dopamin (dopa decarboxylase). Andre mennesker med ADHD synes å ha for mange stoffer som fjerner dopamin straks det er laget.
Animasjon om ADHD
Arv
En rekke tvilling- og adopsjonsstudier slår fast at arvelige faktorer er av stor betydning for utvikling av ADHD. Vi ser at ADHD forekommer oftere i enkelte familier. De fleste barn med ADHD har minst en slektning med tilstanden, og omtrent en tredjedel av menn som har hatt ADHD, har barn med ADHD. Hvis den ene av to eneggede tvillinger har ADHD, har nesten alltid også den andre det.
Miljøpåvirkninger
Undersøkelser har også vist at komplikasjoner i forbindelse med svangerskap og fødsel gir en økt risiko for utvikling av ADHD. Blant annet har norske oppfølgingsstudier av for tidlig fødte barn vist at det er en overhyppighet av ADHD-symptomer i denne gruppen sammenliknet med fullbårne barn. Det er også studier som viser at eksponering for alkohol eller narkotika i svangerskapet, er forbundet med risiko for ADHD eller ADHD liknende problemer.
Psykososiale risikofaktorer som sykdom hos foreldre, mye uro og uenighet hjemme, vanskelige økonomiske vilkår og annet gir en økning i risiko for utvikling av psykiske problemer hos barn og ungdom. Ved psykiatrisk sykdom vil slike ytre faktorer kunne forverre tilstanden. Dette gjelder også ved ADHD. Foreldre som selv har ADHD vil kunne ha vanskeligheter med å være stabile omsorgspersoner med forutsigbarhet og evne til å sette barnets behov foran sine egne. Søsken med ADHD vil kunne øke den daglige belastning og være en utfordring i familien. Barnets væremåte og forhold rundt barnet har også stor innvirkning på hvorledes ADHD tilstanden utvikler seg.
Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet ADHD/hyperkinetisk forstyrrelse . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor
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