Hopp til innhold
NHI.no
Annonse

Lungekreft, ikke-småcellet: Spredningsveier

Innhold i artikkelen

Lungekreft kan spre seg til mange steder i kroppen:

Regionalt, i samme område, til lymfeknutene ved lungeroten (lunge hilus) eller til den andre lungen. Som fjernmetastaser (spredning til andre steder i kroppen): skjelettet, hjernen eller andre deler av sentralnervesystemet, lever, binyrer, lymfeknuter, hud.

Annonse

Vil du vite mer

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Lungekreft . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

  1. Helsedirektoratet. Nasjonalt handlingsprogram med retningslinjer for diagnostikk, behandling og oppfølging av lungekreft, mesoteliom og thymom. 2021. helsedirektoratet.no
  2. Rami-Porta R, Crowly JJ, Goldstraw P. The revised TNM staging system for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 15: 4. PubMed
  3. Latimer KM, Mott TF. Lung cancer: diagnosis, treatment principles, and screening. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Feb 15;91(4):250-6. PMID: 25955626. PubMed
  4. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Bruke AP, Marx A, Nicholson AG, red. WHO classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. 4. utg. Lyon: IARC; 2015. WHO classification Tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart.
  5. Kreftregisteret. Cancer in Norway 2019. Oslo: Kreftregisteret, 2020. www.kreftregisteret.no.
  6. Grimsrud TK, Skaug HK, Larsen IK. Lungekreft – endringer i insidens etter kjønn, alder og bostedsfylke 1984 – 2013. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2015; 135: 1844-9. pmid:26534811 PubMed
  7. Harris JE, Thun MJ, Mondul AM, Calle EE. Cigarette tar yields in relation to mortality from lung cancer in the cancer prevention study II prospective cohort, 1982-8. BMJ 2004; 328: 72-6. pmid: 14715602 PubMed
  8. Sanner T, Grimsrud TK. E-sigaretter – til skade eller nytte?. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2015; 135: 959-61. pmid:26037759 PubMed
  9. Gray A, Read S, McGale P, Darby S. Lung cancer deaths from indoor radon and the cost effectiveness and potential of policies to reduce them. BMJ 2009; 338: a3110. pmid: 19129153 PubMed
  10. Helland Å, Brustugun OT. Lungekreft hos røykere og aldri-røykere. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2009; 129: 1859-62. pmid: 19844277 PubMed
  11. Sagerup CM, Nymoen DA, Halvorsen AR et al. Human papilloma virus detection and typing in 334 lung cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2014; 53: 952-7. pmid:24446743 PubMed
  12. Anantharaman D, Gheit T, Waterboer T et al. No causal association identified for human papillomavirus infections in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74: 3525-34. pmid:24760422 PubMed
  13. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoking and involuntary smoking. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol 83. Lyons: IARC, 2004. pmid: 15285078 PubMed
  14. Kim CH, Lee YC, Hung RJ et al. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer by histological type: a pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1918. pmid:24615328 PubMed
  15. Hammond EC, Selikoff IJ, Seidman H. Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 330: 473-90. PubMed
  16. Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Pardilla M, Key CR. Uranium mining and lung cancer among Navajo men in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969 to 1993. J Occup Environ Med 2000; 42: 278-83. PubMed
  17. Haldorsen T, Andersen A, Boffetta P. Smoking-adjusted incidence of lung cancer by occupation among Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control 2004;15(2):139-47. PubMed
  18. Beckles MA, Spiro SG, Colice GL, Rudd RM. Initial evaluation of the patient with lung cancer: symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Chest 2003; 123(1 suppl): 97S-104S. pmid: 12527569 PubMed
  19. Press OW, Livingston R. Management of malignant pericardial effusion and tamponade. JAMA 1987; 257: 1088-92. pmid: 3806903 PubMed
  20. Merchut MP. Brain metastases from undiagnosed systemic neoplasms. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1076-80. PubMed
  21. Dalmau J, Rosenfeld MR. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 327-40. PubMed
  22. Pedersen JH, Sørensen JB, Saghir Z et al. Implementation of lung cancer CT screening in the Nordic countries. Acta Oncol 2017; 56: 1249-57. pmid:28571524 PubMed
  23. Manser R, Lethaby A, Irving LB, Stone C, Byrnes G, Abramson MJ, Campbell D. Screening for lung cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD001991. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub3 DOI
  24. US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Screening for Lung Cancer US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 2021; 325: 962-70. pmid:33687470 PubMed
  25. de Koning HJ, Meza R, Plevritis SK, et al. Benefits and harms of computes tomography lung cancer screening strategies: A comparative modeling study for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160: 311-20. pmid: 24379002 PubMed
  26. Cheung LC, Katki HA, Chaturvedi AK, et al. Preventing Lung Cancer Mortality by Computed Tomography Screening: The Effect of Risk-Based Versus U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Eligibility Criteria, 2005–2015. Ann Intern Med 2018. doi:10.7326/M17-2067 DOI
  27. de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, et al. Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Volume CT Screening in a Randomized Trial. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 503-13. pmid:31995683 PubMed
  28. Bach-Gansmo T, Bogsrud TV, Aas M, Jørgensen LH, Fischer BM. Positronemisjonstomografi i utredningen av lungekreftpasienter Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2004; 124: 1088 - 9. PubMed
  29. Grønberg BH, Killingberg KT, Fløtten Ø, et al. High-dose versus standard-dose twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy for patients with limited stage small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. March 01, 2021. www.thelancet.com
  30. Chang JY, Senan S, Paul MA et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus lobectomy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 2015; 6: 630-7. pmid:25981812 PubMed
  31. Mulvenna P, Nankivell M, Barton R et al. Dexamethasone and supportive care with or without whole brain radiotherapy in treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases unsuitable for resection or stereotactic radiotherapy (QUARTZ): results from a phase 3, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 22;388(10055):2004-2014 . pmid:27604504 PubMed
  32. Strøm H, Bremnes R M, Sundstrøm S et al. Concurrent palliative chemoradiation leads to survival and quality of life benefits in poor prognosis stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised trial by the Norwegian Lung Cancer Study Group. Br J Cancer 2013; 109: 1467-75. pmid:23963145 PubMed
  33. Burdett S, Pignon JP, Tierney J. Adjuvant chemotherapy for resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 2. pmid: 25730344 PubMed
  34. Salazar MC, Rosen JE, Wang Z et al. Association of Delayed Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Survival After Lung Cancer Surgery. JAMA Oncol. Published online January 05, 2017. pmid:28056112 PubMed
  35. von Plessen C, Bergman B, Andresen O et al. Palliative chemotherapy beyond three courses conveys no survival or consistent quality-of-life benefits in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 966-73. PubMed
  36. The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350:351-360. pmid: 14736927 PubMed
  37. Reck M, Rodríguez‑Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2016. pmid: 27718847 PubMed
  38. Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW et al.. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial.. Lancet 2016; 387: 1540-50. pmid:26712084 PubMed
  39. Rittmeyer A, Barlesi F, Waterkamp D et al. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (OAK): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016. pmid:PMID: 27979383 PubMed
  40. Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P et al. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 123-35. pmid:26028407 PubMed
  41. Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L et al. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1627-39. pmid:26412456 PubMed
  42. Greenhalgh J, Dwan K, Boland A, Bates V, Vecchio F, Dundar Y, Jain P, Green JA. First-line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD010383 pmid: 27223332 PubMed
  43. Kim ES, Hirsh V, Mok T, et al. Gefitinib versus docetaxel in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (INTEREST): a randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 1809-18. PubMed
  44. Mok TS, Wu YL, Ahn MJ et al. Osimertinib or Platinum–Pemetrexed in EGFR T790M–Positive Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2016. pmid:27959700 PubMed
  45. Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT et al. Alectinib versus Crizotinib in Untreated ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 829-38. pmid:28586279 PubMed
  46. Soria JC, Tan DSW, Chiari R et al. First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. The Lancet 2017; 389: 917-29. pmid:28126333 PubMed
  47. Pirie K, Peto R, Reeves GK et al. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet 2013; 381: 133-41. pmid:23107252 PubMed
  48. Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: b5569. pmid: 20093278 PubMed
  49. Løkke A, Christensen NL, Rasmussen TR. Rygeophør ved lungekræft. Ugeskr Læger 2018; 180: V01180058. pmid:30375965 PubMed
  50. Cortes-Jofre M, Rueda JR, Corsini-Munoz G, et al. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Oct 17; pmid: 23076895 PubMed
  51. Hjelde H, Sundstrøm S, Ødegård A et al. Residiv og overlevelse etter kirurgisk behandling for lungekreft. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2010; 130: 25. pmid:20094119 PubMed
  52. Mazzone P, Jain P, Arroliga AC, Matthay RA. Bronchoscopy and needle biopsy techniques for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 2002; 23: 137-58. PubMed
  53. Helsedirektoratet. Seneffekter etter kreftbehandling. Faglige råd. Oslo: Helsedirektoratet; 2017. IS-2551 helsedirektoratet.no
  54. Matakidou A, Eisen T, Houlston RS. Systematic review of the relationship between family history and lung cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 825-33. pmid:16160696 PubMed
Annonse
Annonse