Hyponatremi: Sykehistorien
Tilstanden kan utvikles langsomt over tid eller en kan oppstå akutt, avhengig av underliggende årsak. Ved mild hyponatremi kan symptomer mangle eller være beskjedne. De er gjerne diffuse og ukarakteristiske, som f. eks. tap av matlyst, kvalme, hodepine og konsentrasjonsbesvær. Men mer uttalte forandringer i kroppens væske- og saltbalanse kan påvirke nervesystemet, hjertet, nyrer og andre organer.
Ved alvorlig hyponatremi kan symptomer som oppkast, bevissthetsforstyrrelser, akutt forvirring (delir), hallusinasjoner og kramper oppstå. Da bør pasienten innlegges i sykehus umiddelbart. Med riktig behandling vil symptomene vanligvis gå tilbake, men ved alvorlige komplikasjoner som koma, pustestans, hjerneødem og sjokk kan utfallet bli fatalt.
Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Hyponatremi . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor
- Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al; Hyponatraemia Guideline Development Group. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol 2014, Feb 25;170(3):G1-47. PMID: 24569125. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-13-1020 DOI
- Sajadieh A, Binici Z, Mouridsen MR, et al. Mild hyponatremia carries a poor prognosis in community subjects. Am J Med 2009;122:679-686. PubMed
- Mannesse CK, et al. Prevalence of hyponatremia on geriatric wards compared to other settings over four decades: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(1):165–173.
- Assadi F. Hyponatremia: a problem-solving approach to clinical cases. J Nephrol. 2012;25(4):473–480.
- Douglas I. Hyponatremia: why it matters, how it presents, how we can manage it. Cleve Clin J Med 2006; 73 Suppl 3: 4-12. pmid:16970147 PubMed
- Wakil A, Ng JM, Atkin SL. Investigating hyponatraemia. BMJ 2011;342:d1118. BMJ (DOI)
- Anpalahan M. Chronic idiopatic hyponatremia in older people due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) possibly related to aging. JAGS 2001; 49: 788-92. PubMed
- Freda B, Davidson MB, Hall PM. Evaluation of hyponatremia: a little physiology goes a long way. Cleve Clin J Med 2004;71:639-650. PubMed
- Castberg I, Spigset O. Hyponatremi ved bruk av psykofarmaka. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2006; 126: 1610-1. PubMed
- Gandhi S, Shariff SZ, Al-Jaishi A, et al. Second-generation antidepressants and hyponatremia risk: A population-based cohort study of older adults. Am J Kidney Dis 2016. pmid:27773479 PubMed
- Barclay TS, Lee AJ. Citalopram-associated SIADH. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 1558-63. PubMed
- Ware JS, Wain LV, Channavajjhala SK, et al. Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia. J Clin Invest 2017; 127(9): 3367-3374. pmid:28783044 PubMed
- Sterns RH. Causes of hyponatremia in adults. UpToDate, last updated Aug 12, 2014. UpToDate
- Nordmo E, Nilsen T. Hyponatremi - en potensielt alvorlig bivirkning av tarmtømmingsmidler. Nor Farmaceut Tidsskr 2020; 128: 26-7. PubMed
- Verbalis JG, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013;126(10 suppl 1):S1–S42.
- Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and Management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician 2015 Mar 1;91(5):299-307.
- Sterns RH. Disorders of plasma sodium--causes, consequences, and correction. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan;372(1):55-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1404489 DOI
- Sterns RH. Treatment of hyponatremia: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and reset osmostat. UpToDate, last updated July 22, 2014. UpToDate
- Adrogue HJ, Madias EN. Hyponatremia. NEJM 2000; 342: 1581-9. New England Journal of Medicine
- Lin CM, Po HL. Extrapontine myelinolysis after correction of hyponatremia presenting as generalized tonic seizures. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:632. American Journal of Emergency Medicine
- Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M, et al. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2099-112. New England Journal of Medicine
- Felleskatalogen, preparatomtale Samsca. Siden besøkt 01.08.2019. www.felleskatalogen.no
- Reynolds RM, Padfield PL, Seckl JR. Disorders of sodium balance. BMJ 2006; 332: 702-5. PubMed
- Gankam-Kengne F, et al. Mild hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of death in an ambulatory setting. Kidney Int. 2013;83(4):700–706.
- Hoorn EJ, et al. Hyponatremia and mortality: moving beyond associations. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62(1):139–149.
- Hagino T, et al. Hyponatremia at admission is associated with in-hospital death in patients with hip fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013;133(4):507–511.